texts

It reflects a primary goal that many computer animators have for certain components of the animations they produce.

It represents a concern of computer animators who are more interested in creating unique backgrounds and lighting effects than realistic ones.

It conveys the uncertainty among many computer animators about how to create realistic animations using current technology.

It illustrates a reaction that audiences typically have to the appearance of characters created by computer animators.

It describes an experimental method of measuring the strength of physiological responses in humans.

It illustrates processes by which certain insects can express how they are feeling.

It summarizes a finding suggesting that some mechanisms in the brains of certain insects resemble mechanisms in mammalian brains.

It presents research showing that certain insects and mammals behave similarly when there is a possibility of a reward for their actions.

It suggests that Shakti feels uncomfortable near the river.

It indicates that Shakti has lost her sense of direction in the woods.

It emphasizes Shakti’s sense of belonging in the landscape.

It conveys Shakti’s appreciation for her long-term friendships.

To describe a widely held belief and how a study’s results support that belief

To argue that researchers were surprised by the results of a certain study

To suggest ways to improve a certain study’s experimental design

To explain a study’s conclusion and how a research team arrived at that conclusion

To introduce and illustrate Barrier Williams’s integral role in supporting other Black women as their circumstances changed during part of the Great Migration

To establish that Barrier Williams used her professional connections to arrange employment for other Black women, including jobs with the Chicago Defender

To demonstrate that the factors that motivated the start of the Great Migration were different for Black women than they were for Black men

To provide an overview of the employment challenges faced by Black women in the agricultural and domestic spheres in the southern United States

To describe an unexpected discovery that altered a researcher’s view of how rapidly fashions among Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas changed during the period

To discuss research that investigated the ways in which Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas used fashion practices to resist traditional gender ideals

To evaluate a scholarly work that offers explanations for the impact of urban fashion ideals on Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas

To summarize the findings of a study that explored factors influencing a fashion practice among Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas

To compare the relative public impact of scholarly articles and albums

To capture one scholar’s opinion of a new rap album

To explain why a certain rap album is particularly innovative

To describe how each step of the peer review process unfolds

It describes a serious limitation of the method used by Nance and colleagues.

It presents the central finding reported by Nance and colleagues.

It identifies the problem that Nance and colleagues attempted to solve but did not.

It explains how the work of Nance and colleagues was received by others in the field.

It explains why efforts to determine the country of origin of the items mentioned in the previous sentence remain inconclusive.

It provides information that helps support a claim about a discovery’s significance that is presented in the following sentence.

It traces the steps that were taken to locate and recover the objects that are described in the previous sentence.

It outlines a hypothesis that additional evidence discussed in the following sentence casts some doubt on.

It identifies the people and events depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry.

It supports an argument about the workers who produced the Bayeux Tapestry.

It compares the Bayeux Tapestry with other tapestries from eleventh-century France.

It describes how researchers determined where the Bayeux Tapestry was produced.

It describes the effects of a process devised by researchers that increases the longevity of an object discussed in the text.

It details the circumstances that prompted the research discussed in the text.

It presents a reason why the phenomenon discussed in the text that the researchers wanted to avoid will inevitably occur.

It mentions a method discussed in the text that researchers intend to test in future experiments.

To illustrate the increasing intensity of the speaker’s desire to escape ongoing hardship by gliding on the ocean

To contrast the demands of the speaker’s everyday life with the serenity of being rocked to sleep by the ocean

To convey the speaker’s longing for the ocean to impart a sense of inner tranquility

To justify the speaker’s qualms about being transported by the ocean to a quiet destination

To discuss the benefits of studying mapmaking

To explain how travelers created maps

To describe a collection of medieval maps and how it was created

To compare medieval Arabic and Greek mapmaking techniques

It discusses a method used by some researchers, then states why an alternative method is superior to it.

It describes how researchers made a scientific discovery, then explains the importance of that discovery.

It outlines the steps taken in a scientific study, then presents a hypothesis based on that study.

It examines how a group of scientists reached a conclusion, then shows how other scientists have challenged that conclusion.

It dismisses as untrue the research presented in the previous sentence.

It defines a term used in the description that follows in the rest of the sentence.

It emphasizes the main goal of the research introduced in the previous sentence.

It provides context that clarifies the significance of the information that follows in the rest of the sentence.

It elaborates on a claim about labor relations in a particular industry made earlier in the text.

It offers an example of a trend in the World War II–era economy discussed earlier in the text.

It notes a possible exception to the historical narrative of labor activism sketched earlier in the text.

It provides further details about the identities of the workers discussed earlier in the text.

To convey a contrast between Jane’s outward calmness and internal restlessness

To emphasize Jane’s loyalty to the people she works for at Thornfield Hall

To demonstrate that Jane finds her situation both challenging and deeply fulfilling

To describe Jane’s determination to secure employment outside of Thornfield Hall

It notes a factor that led Seira et al. to not dismiss risk-disclosure messaging altogether despite their evidence of its limited utility.

It acknowledges a type of risk-disclosure messaging that Seira et al. may not have fully accounted for in their study.

It describes a consideration that explains why Seira et al. recommended risk-disclosure messaging even though its effects may be small relative to its costs.

It points out a circumstance that Seira et al. conceded may make risk-disclosure messaging more effective than their study suggests.

It defines a phenomenon that is discussed in the text.

It introduces a problem that is examined in the text.

It makes a claim that is challenged in the text.

It presents a hypothesis that is evaluated in the text.

It portrays the thoughts of a character who is embarrassed about his own behavior.

It presents an account of a misunderstanding.

It offers a short history of how a person came to be famous.

It explains why one character dislikes another.

It elaborates on the previous sentence’s statement about a transitional moment in Johnson’s artistic career.

It provides information about Johnson’s travels in support of a claim about his artistic influences, which is advanced in the following sentence.

It recounts a moment in Johnson’s personal life that enabled the success of his subsequent career, which is summarized in the following sentence.

It presents evidence that calls into question the previous sentence’s characterization of Johnson’s artistic development.

It implies that Israel treasures a particular characteristic of his personality when that characteristic should usually be regarded as a flaw.

It suggests that if not for a certain aspect of his character, Israel might not have been as easily thwarted in his ambition to establish a farm.

It shows why Israel would not have been able to undertake the enormous amount of labor necessary to run a farm even if he had owned the necessary property.

It explains why, when the situation requires it, Israel is able to undertake courageous acts that others would generally avoid.

It discusses several recent innovations in product manufacturing and then suggests some potential applications of those innovations.

It describes a company’s recent success with new products and then explains multiple factors that may have contributed to that success.

It introduces a trend in consumer products and then explains how the trend both benefits and poses a challenge to companies.

It presents two contrasting product-marketing techniques and then provides examples of one of those techniques.

To describe an approach a team of scientists used to study pollinators

To question a claim scientists make about pollinators

To explain why moths prefer red clover to other flowers

To announce an unexpected research finding about red clover