PSAT: Expression of Ideas - Rhetorical Synthesis

Posljednje ažuriranje 3 months ago

PSAT: Expression of Ideas - Rhetorical Synthesis

Posljednje ažuriranje 3 months ago

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.
The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia” under King James.
Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.
The student wants to specify the reason the Mayflower Compact was created. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Stating that its signatories wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia,” the Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.

Created in 1620, the Mayflower Compact states that the pilgrims wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia.”

The Mayflower Compact was created to establish a common government among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.

The Mayflower Compact had 41 signatories, including John Carver, the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
British scholar Robert Plot described fossilized dinosaur bones in his 1676 book The Natural History of Oxfordshire.
Plot earned a reputation for being the first person to have discovered dinosaur remains.
In 1990, archaeologists in Lesotho, in southern Africa, discovered a fossilized phalanx of a Massospondylus carinatus dinosaur in a cave once inhabited by humans.
Indigenous Khoesan and Basotho peoples had inhabited the cave beginning around 1100 CE.
According to paleontologist Julien Benoit, these peoples may have found the phalanx and brought it to the cave centuries before Plot’s descriptions.
The student wants to emphasize the significance of the 1990 discovery to Plot’s reputation. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Benoit challenged Plot’s reputation for being the first person to have discovered M. carinatus remains.

Evidence that Khoesan and Basotho peoples may have found an M. carinatus phalanx as long ago as 1100 CE suggests that Plot may not have been the first person to have discovered dinosaur remains.

According to Benoit’s analysis of the 1990 discovery, Indigenous peoples in southern Africa may have brought the fossilized phalanx to the cave as long ago as 1100 CE.

In 1990, more than three centuries after Plot claimed in his book that he had found fossilized dinosaur bones, archaeologists uncovered evidence in southern Africa that disproved his claims.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Pauline Hopkins (1859–1930) was an African American writer.
In her career, she created many genre-defining stories.
Her serialized novel Hagar’s Daughter was published from 1901 to 1902 in The Colored American Magazine.
It is considered the first African American mystery novel.
The student wants to introduce Pauline Hopkins to an audience unfamiliar with her career. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Pauline Hopkins is the author of Hagar’s Daughter, a serialized novel published from 1901 to 1902.

African American writer Pauline Hopkins created many genre-defining stories during her career, including the first African American mystery novel, Hagar’s Daughter.

Published in The Colored American Magazine from 1901 to 1902, Hagar’s Daughter is a serialized novel by Pauline Hopkins.

Hagar’s Daughter by Pauline Hopkins is considered the first African American mystery novel.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist who uses light as her primary medium of expression.
She created her work Unwoven Light in 2013.
Unwoven Light featured a chain-link fence fitted with iridescent plexiglass tiles.
When light passed through the fence, colorful prisms formed.
The student wants to describe Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Soo Sunny Park. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Park’s 2013 installation Unwoven Light, which included a chain-link fence and iridescent tiles made from plexiglass, featured light as its primary medium of expression.

Korean American light artist Soo Sunny Park created Unwoven Light in 2013.

The chain-link fence in Soo Sunny Park’s Unwoven Light was fitted with tiles made from iridescent plexiglass.

In Unwoven Light, a 2013 work by Korean American artist Soo Sunny Park, light formed colorful prisms as it passed through a fence Park had fitted with iridescent tiles.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Angana Chaudhuri is a scientist.
Chaudhuri studies sedimentary rocks.
A scientist who studies sedimentary rocks is called a sedimentologist.
Shale, chalk, and sandstone are examples of sedimentary rocks.
The student wants to identify what type of scientist Chaudhuri is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Chalk is a type of sedimentary rock.

Some scientists study shale, chalk, and sandstone.

There are scientists who study sedimentary rocks.

Chaudhuri is a sedimentologist.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Ibn Sina was a Persian philosopher and physician.
His book The Canon of Medicine recorded the most advanced medical knowledge of his time.
It was published in the year 1025 CE.
It was used as a medical textbook in Middle Eastern and European universities for centuries.
The student wants to identify the year that The Canon of Medicine was published. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Ibn Sina’s book The Canon of Medicine was published in the year 1025 CE.

A Persian philosopher and physician wrote a medical textbook called The Canon of Medicine.

The Canon of Medicine was a medical textbook used by Middle Eastern and European universities for centuries.

Ibn Sina recorded the most advanced medical knowledge of his time in his book The Canon of Medicine.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Phobetor, a name drawn from Greek mythology, is an exoplanet that orbits the star PSR B1257+12, also known as Lich.
Phobetor’s mass is 0.01 times that of Jupiter, or 0.01 Jupiter masses.
Mastika, which means “gem” or “jewel” in Malay, is an exoplanet that orbits the star HD 179949, also known as Gumala.
Mastika’s mass is 0.92 Jupiter masses.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about exoplanets. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Exoplanets that are named Phobetor orbit Lich, and those that are named Mastika orbit Gumala.

Even though Phobetor and Mastika are both exoplanets, their masses are different: Phobetor’s mass is 0.01 Jupiter masses, and Mastika’s is 0.92 Jupiter masses.

Many stars have both a designation and a proper name; for instance, PSR B1257+12 is also known as Lich, and HD 179949 is also known as Gumala.

Exoplanet names have diverse origins, a fact that can be seen in the cases of Phobetor, a name drawn from Greek mythology, and Mastika, which means “gem” or “jewel” in Malay.

ID: 31a14b3a
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1897, twenty Black US Army infantrymen rode bicycles from Montana to Missouri.
The 1,900-mile journey took forty-one days.
The goal was to test the idea of forming a military bicycle corps.
In 2022, Erick Cedeño, a Black long-distance cyclist, reenacted the journey.
Cedeño wanted to honor the infantrymen on the journey’s 125th anniversary.
The student wants to emphasize how far the infantrymen traveled. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The US infantrymen rode their bicycles from Montana to Missouri—traveling a total of 1,900 miles.

The 125th anniversary of the infantrymen’s journey was in 2022.

The goal of the 1897 journey was to test the idea of forming a military bicycle corps.

Over a century later, Erick Cedeño honored the infantrymen by reenacting their 1897 journey.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Most, but not all, of the Moon’s oxygen comes from the Sun, via solar wind.
Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada from Osaka University wondered if some of the unaccounted-for oxygen could be coming from Earth.
In 2008, he analyzed data from the Japanese satellite Kaguya.
Kaguya gathered data about gases and particles it encountered while orbiting the Moon.
Based on the Kaguya data, Terada confirmed his suspicion that Earth is sending oxygen to the Moon.
The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

As it orbited the Moon, the Kaguya satellite collected data that was later analyzed by cosmochemist Kentaro Terada.

Before 2008, Kentaro Terada wondered if the Moon was receiving some of its oxygen from Earth.

Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada set out to determine whether some of the Moon’s oxygen was coming from Earth.

Kentaro Terada’s study determined that Earth is sending a small amount of oxygen to the Moon.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States.
He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS).
VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated.
The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects.
VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.
The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong’s award-nominated web series. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

In 2012, director and visual effects artist Freddie Wong launched a new action-comedy web series: Video Game High School.

Video Game High School was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects, and it was nominated for a Producer’s Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

Wong, cocreator of the YouTube channel RocketJump, would go on to see his web series be nominated for a Producers Guild Award.

In 2012, Video Game High School premiered on RocketJump; it would later be nominated for an award.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Platinum is a rare and expensive metal.
It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.
Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum with liquid gallium.
Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum (0.0001% of the atoms in the mixture).
The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst developed by Jianbo Tang and his colleagues. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum, a rare and expensive metal, with liquid gallium.

Like other platinum catalysts, the new platinum catalyst requires a particular amount of the metal to be effective.

Platinum is a rare and expensive metal that is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions; however, platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.

While still highly effective, the new platinum catalyst requires far less of the rare and expensive metal than do other platinum catalysts.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts of the southeastern United States since the 18th century.
Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African traditions.
Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and preservationist.
She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in 2003.
Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist.
She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in 2003.
The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

At the Gullah Museums in Hilton Head Island and Georgetown, South Carolina, visitors can learn more about the Gullah people who have lived in the region for centuries.

Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve the culture of the Gullah people, who have lived in the United States since the 18th century.

Since 2003, Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve Gullah culture through their museums.

Influenced by the traditions of West and Central Africa, Gullah culture developed in parts of the southeastern United States in the 18th century.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1897, African American inventor Andrew Beard invented an automatic coupler.
It improved on the existing design of train car couplers.
It made the job of connecting train cars safer.
In 1938, African American inventor Frederick Jones invented a mobile refrigeration system.
It improved on the existing design of food transport trucks.
It enabled trucks to carry perishable foods farther.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Beard’s invention and Jones’s invention. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Beard’s automatic coupler and Jones’s mobile refrigeration system both improved on existing designs.

In 1897, Beard invented an automatic coupler, which made the job of connecting train cars safer.

Beard’s invention made the job of connecting train cars safer, whereas Jones’s invention enabled food transport trucks to carry perishables farther.

Jones’s mobile refrigeration system, which he invented in 1938, made it possible for food transport trucks to carry perishable foods farther.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Cecilia Vicuña is a multidisciplinary artist.
In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, was shown at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.
Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by Tanam Press.
Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St. Press.
She lives part time in Chile, where she was born, and part time in New York.
The student wants to introduce the artist’s 1983 poetry collection. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Before she published the books Precario/Precarious (1983) and Instan (2002), Cecilia Vicuña exhibited visual art at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.

Cecilia Vicuña is a true multidisciplinary artist whose works include numerous poetry collections and visual art exhibitions.

Published in 1983 by Tanam Press, Precario/Precarious is a collection of poetry by the multidisciplinary artist Cecilia Vicuña.

In 1971, Cecilia Vicuña exhibited her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, in Chile, her country of birth.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Scientists have long sought to determine the origin of glass in Chile’s Atacama Desert.
A 2017 study concluded that ancient grass fires had melted the area’s sandy soil into glass.
In 2021, a different study revealed that the mineral signatures of glass samples were consistent with the mineral signatures of comet samples collected by NASA.
That study concluded that the glass had formed as a result of a cometary explosion close to the desert’s surface.
The student wants to describe how scientific understanding about the glass’s origin has evolved. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Scientists have long sought to determine the origin of the glass, with one study concluding that it formed when ancient grass fires melted the area’s sandy soil.

Studies in 2017 and 2021 offered different explanations for the origin of the glass.

Mineral signatures of glass samples are consistent with those of comet samples collected by NASA, according to new research.

A 2017 study concluded that ancient grass fires had caused the glass’s formation, but new research suggests that the glass formed as a result of a cometary explosion close to the desert’s surface.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Ramayana is a Sanskrit epic poem from ancient India.
In The Ramayana, the character Kaikeyi is often portrayed as a villain.
Kaikeyi is a 2022 novel by Vaishnavi Patel.
The novel is a retelling of the epic poem from Kaikeyi’s point of view.
It often portrays Kaikeyi as heroic.
The student wants to emphasize whose point of view the novel is told from. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

From the point of view of The Ramayana, the character Kaikeyi is often a villain.

Vaishnavi Patel often portrays the character as heroic.

Kaikeyi is a retelling of The Ramayana from the character Kaikeyi’s point of view.

The Ramayana is an epic poem that features the character Kaikeyi.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Thailand’s annual Songkran Water Festival is held each April.
It marks Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.
People splash and spray each other for fun at the festival’s community-wide water fights.
In Bangkok, thousands gather along Silom Road for the city’s largest water fight.
In Chiang Mai, thousands gather at a historical monument called the Tha Phae Gate for the city’s largest water fight.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how people in Bangkok and Chiang Mai celebrate Songkran. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The largest water fight in Bangkok takes place along a city street, whereas the largest water fight in Chiang Mai takes place at a historical monument.

In both Bangkok and Chiang Mai, thousands gather to celebrate Songkran with water fights.

People in both Bangkok and Chiang Mai celebrate Songkran, but they don’t do so in exactly the same way.

Each April, people in Thailand celebrate Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result.
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured slavery on both sides of the Atlantic.
Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking plants.
Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to new legislation, Equiano’s book is an autobiography, while Sinclair’s is fictional.

They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and Sinclair both influenced readers.

The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano, while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in part from a book by Sinclair.

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle are two works of literature that contributed to new legislation (concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Generally, an object will heat up when twisted.
The twisting of an object is known as torsion.
A 2019 study led by Zunfeng Liu and Ray Baughman tested the torsional heating of various fibers.
When a 3-millimeter-thick sample of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fiber was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by 6°C.
When a 4-millimeter-thick sample of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) rubber fiber was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by 3.5°C.
The student wants to contrast the two samples. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

When the fibers were twisted as part of the 2019 study, the surface temperature of both samples increased.

In 2019, researchers studied the effect of torsional heating on various fibers, including samples of SEBS rubber and TPU.

Twisting an object will generally cause its temperature to increase, a process known as torsional heating.

The SEBS rubber sample used in the 2019 study was thicker than the TPU sample.

ID: 09cec37b
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Minnesota defines a lake as an inland body of water of at least 10 acres.
Wisconsin’s definition of a lake doesn’t take size into account.
By its own definition, Wisconsin has over 15,000 lakes, many smaller than 10 acres.
By Minnesota’s definition, Wisconsin has only about 6,000 lakes.
The student wants to contrast Minnesota’s definition of a lake with Wisconsin’s. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Wisconsin, which doesn’t take size into account in defining a lake, claims that it has over 15,000 lakes.

Because its definition of a lake is different from Minnesota’s, it is unclear how many lakes Wisconsin really has.

According to Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least 10 acres—Wisconsin has about 6,000 lakes.

Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least 10 acres—is more restrictive than Wisconsin’s, which doesn’t take size into account.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Chromosomes are cellular structures that contain genes.
Genes carry critical instructions for determining an organism’s physical traits.
Members of the same species typically have the same number of chromosomes.
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) and the melon (Cucumis melo) are species of fruits.
The pineapple has fifty chromosomes.
The melon has twenty-four chromosomes.
The student wants to specify how many chromosomes the pineapple has. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The pineapple’s chromosomes contain genes, which are critical to determining an organism’s physical traits.

The pineapple (Ananas comosus) has fifty chromosomes.

The pineapple (Ananas comosus) and the melon (Cucumis melo) both have chromosomes, but the pineapple has more than the melon does.

The melon, a species of fruit, has twenty-four structures called chromosomes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was a road built between 1792 and 1794.
It was the first private turnpike in the United States.
It connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster in the state of Pennsylvania.
It was sixty-two miles long.
The student wants to emphasize the distance covered by the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The sixty-two-mile-long Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike connected the Pennsylvania cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster.

The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was the first private turnpike in the United States.

The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, which connected two Pennsylvania cities, was built between 1792 and 1794.

A historic Pennsylvania road, the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was completed in 1794.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Pueblo of Zuni is located about 150 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
It is the traditional home of the A:shiwi (Zuni) people.
The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center was established by tribal members in 1992.
Its mission is stated on its website: “As a tribal museum and heritage center for the Zuni people and by the Zuni people we work to provide learning experiences that emphasize A:shiwi ways of knowing, as well as exploring modern concepts of knowledge and the transfer of knowledge.”
The student wants to emphasize how long the museum has existed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The Pueblo of Zuni is home to the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center, which was founded by tribal members.

The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center has served the Pueblo of Zuni since 1992.

According to its website, the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center (founded in the 1990s) works to “emphasize A:shiwi ways of knowing.”

Knowledge has been one of the central themes of the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center from its founding.

In 2017, a research team led by Mary Caswell Stoddard determined the average lengths of eggs produced by various bird species.
Gyqis alba is a species of bird in the order Charadriiformes.
Gyqis alba eggs had an average length of 4.46 cm.
Gavia stellata is a species of bird in the order Gaviiformes.
Gavia stellata eggs had an average length of 7.22 cm.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize a difference between the eggs of the two species?

A 2017 study compared the lengths of eggs produced by an array of different bird species, such as Gyqis alba and Gavia stellata.

A 2017 study found that Gyqis alba eggs had an average length of 4.46 cm, whereas Gavia stellata eggs were longer, with an average length of 7.22 cm.

The bird species Gyqis alba, which belongs to the order Charadriiformes, and Gavia stellata, of the order Gaviiformes, were included in a 2017 study that compared the average lengths of their eggs.

Mary Caswell Stoddard led a research study that determined the average lengths of eggs, including those of Gyqis alba birds (4.46 cm) and Gavia stellata birds (7.22 cm).

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.
A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the mechanics behind these structural properties.
Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks into nest-like structures.
The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points between the sticks increased, making the structures stiffer.
The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Bhosale’s team wanted to better understand the mechanics behind bird nests’ uniquely flexible yet cohesive structural properties.

The researchers used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks and analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.

After analyzing the points where sticks touched, the researchers found that the structures became stiffer when pressure was applied.

As analyzed by Bhosale’s team, bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive engineered structures.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Cambodia’s Angkor Wat was built in the 1100s to honor the Hindu god Vishnu.
It has been a Buddhist temple since the sixteenth century.
Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that enhances the contrast between colors in a photograph.
Archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan applied decorrelation stretch analysis to photographs he had taken of Angkor Wat’s plaster walls.
Tan’s analysis revealed hundreds of images unknown to researchers.
The student wants to present Tan’s research to an audience unfamiliar with Angkor Wat. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Tan photographed Angkor Wat’s plaster walls and then applied decorrelation stretch analysis to the photographs.

Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that Tan used to enhance the contrast between colors in a photograph.

Using a novel digital imaging technique, Tan revealed hundreds of images hidden on the walls of Angkor Wat, a Cambodian temple.

Built to honor a Hindu god before becoming a Buddhist temple, Cambodia’s Angkor Wat concealed hundreds of images on its plaster walls.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic Meditations.
Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based exercises called meditations.
Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.
The instructions for Meditation V state, “walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears.”
Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”
The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based meditations that consist of instructions; Meditation XVIII, for instance, instructs participants to “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”

In 1971, Oliveros created Sonic Meditations, a series of meditations that consist of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.

“Walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears” is one example of the instructions found in Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations.

While both meditations consist of instructions, Meditation XVIII instructs participants to “listen,” whereas Meditation V instructs participants to “walk.”

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Sue is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen housed at the Field Museum of Natural History.
The Field Museum of Natural History is located in Chicago, Illinois.
Sue is a member of the genus Tyrannosaurus.
Big Mike is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen housed at the Museum of the Rockies.
The Museum of the Rockies is located in Bozeman, Montana.
Big Mike is a member of the genus Tyrannosaurus.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two specimens. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The Field Museum of Natural History, where Sue is housed, is located in Chicago, Illinois.

Big Mike is the nickname of a Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen housed at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana.

The dinosaur fossil specimens Sue and Big Mike are both members of the genus Tyrannosaurus.

While Sue is housed at the Field Museum of Natural History, Big Mike is housed at the Museum of the Rockies.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Political scientist Graham Allison is known for his Thucydides trap theory.
Allison’s theory states that whenever “a rising power is threatening to displace a ruling power,” conflict is likely.
The theory is based on Thucydides’s explanation of the conflict between Athens and Sparta.
Thucydides wrote that “the rise of Athens and the fear this instilled in Sparta” made conflict “inevitable.”
History professor Edmund Stewart recently challenged the historical basis of the theory.
Stewart claimed that Athens was not a rising power and that the rivals experienced a “clash of cultures” instead.
The student wants to use a quotation to challenge Thucydides’s explanation of the conflict between Athens and Sparta. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

According to Allison’s Thucydides trap theory, whenever “a rising power is threatening to displace a ruling power,” conflict is likely.

Thucydides wrote that conflict between the two powers was “inevitable,” although Stewart later challenged the historical basis of this claim.

According to Stewart, a “clash of cultures” between Athens and Sparta caused the conflict, not Athens’s rise.

Thucydides explained that conflict was caused by “the rise of Athens and the fear this instilled in Sparta,” but Allison disagreed, seeing the conflict as an example of the Thucydides trap.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia.
The city’s population is 907,802.
Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s population.
Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.
The city’s population is 7,781,631.
Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population.
The student wants to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations. Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations?

Mongolia’s capital is Ulaanbaatar, which has 907,802 people, and Vietnam’s capital is Hanoi, which has 7,781,631 people.

Comparing Vietnam and Mongolia, 7,781,631 is 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population, and 907,802 is 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s.

Even though Hanoi (population 7,781,631) is larger than Ulaanbaatar (population 907,802), Ulaanbaatar accounts for more of its country’s population.

The populations of the capitals of Mongolia and Vietnam are 907,802 (Ulaanbaatar) and 7,781,631 (Hanoi), respectively.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
A lever is a simple machine consisting of a rigid beam and a fulcrum.
The fulcrum is the point about which the beam pivots.
The input force (effort) is the force applied to the lever.
The output force (load) is the force that the lever exerts on another object.
In first-class levers, the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load.
In second-class levers, the load is located between the effort and the fulcrum.
The student wants to contrast first-class levers and second-class levers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

In levers, the effort is the force applied to the lever; the load, in contrast, is the force that the lever exerts on another object.

In first-class and second-class levers, the fulcrum and the load are in different locations.

First-class levers are simple machines consisting of a rigid beam and a fulcrum, but then again, the same is true of second-class levers.

In first-class levers, the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load, but in second-class levers, the load is located between the effort and the fulcrum.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Archaeologist Dr. Sada Mire founded the Horn Heritage Foundation to preserve the cultural history of regions in the Horn of Africa.
Horn Heritage has overseen a preservation project to create 3D digital scans of ancient rock art in Somaliland.
Paintings found at the Laas Geel caves are included in the scans.
The Laas Geel paintings feature human figures and animals.
Paintings found at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves are included in the scans.
The Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature what are thought to be the earliest examples of writing in East Africa.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The earliest examples of writing in East Africa are thought to be featured in the paintings at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves in Somaliland.

The paintings at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature examples of writing, while those at the Laas Geel caves feature humans and animals.

In Somaliland, the paintings in the Laas Geel caves feature human figures and animals.

The Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings are both examples of ancient rock art found in Somaliland.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a single spot in the sky.
This spot is called the meteor shower’s radiant.
The Perseid meteor shower is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and August.
Like many meteor showers, it is named for the location of its radiant.
Its radiant is located within the constellation Perseus.
The student wants to explain the origin of the Perseid meteor shower’s name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The Perseid meteor shower is named for the constellation Perseus, the location of the meteor shower’s radiant.

A meteor shower’s name may be linked to a single spot in the sky.

The Perseid meteor shower, which has a radiant, is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and August.

From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a radiant, such as the one within Perseus.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Gaspar Enriquez is an artist.
He specializes in portraits of Mexican Americans.
A portrait is an artistic representation of a person.
Enriquez completed a painting of the sculptor Luis Jimenez in 2003.
He completed a drawing of the writer Rudolfo Anaya in 2016.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two portraits. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The portraits, or artistic representations, of Luis Jimenez and Rudolfo Anaya were both completed by Enriquez in the early 2000s.

Enriquez has completed portraits of numerous Mexican Americans, including sculptor Luis Jimenez and writer Rudolfo Anaya.

While both are by Enriquez, the 2003 portrait of Luis Jimenez is a painting, and the 2016 portrait of Rudolfo Anaya is a drawing.

Luis Jimenez was a Mexican American sculptor, and Rudolfo Anaya was a Mexican American writer.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs.
Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.
These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits.
Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song popularity.
The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song’s popularity. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio features, such as loudness and pitch intervals.

Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making such algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits.

Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary within a song, whereas descriptive tags describe fixed traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity.

The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The fifth Solvay Conference on Physics was held in 1927.
It brought together twenty-nine of the era’s preeminent scientists to discuss the emerging field of quantum theory.
The conference famously featured a debate between physicists Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr.
Bohr proposed that subatomic entities like electrons had only probable realities until they were observed.
Einstein argued that subatomic entities like electrons had a reality independent of observation.
Bohr’s position, later called the Copenhagen interpretation, remains the most widely accepted theory of quantum mechanics.
The student wants to place Einstein’s argument within its historical context. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

During the dawn of quantum theory, Einstein maintained the independent reality of some subatomic entities, although Bohr’s opposing interpretation would become the widely accepted view.

At the 1927 Solvay Conference on Physics, Einstein disagreed with Bohr’s argument that subatomic entities like electrons had a reality independent of observation.

The attendees of the 1927 Solvay Conference were among the preeminent scientists of their era, including Einstein, who opposed Bohr’s proposal.

In 1927, Einstein and Bohr engaged in a famous debate; Bohr’s argument, later called the Copenhagen interpretation, would remain popular decades after.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In geology, an Aeolian landform is one that has been created by the wind.
In Greek mythology, Aeolus is the keeper of the winds.
Aeolian landforms are created when the wind erodes, transports, or deposits material.
A mushroom rock is a rock formation in which the top is wider than the base.
A mushroom rock can be formed when the wind erodes the base and the top at different rates.
The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Aeolian landforms. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Aeolian landforms are created by different wind-based processes; for example, some are created by wind erosion.

Aeolian landforms—landforms created by the wind—include the mushroom rock, a rock formation in which the wind erodes the base of the rock faster than the top.

Erosion, transportation, and deposition are three examples of how the wind can create Aeolian landforms and mushroom rocks.

A mushroom rock is a rock formation that owes its shape to the wind, a natural force associated with Aeolus in Greek mythology.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Some animals have evolved to physically resemble another animal, plant, or object.
This is known as mimicry.
Crab spiders mimic the appearance of flowers.
This helps crab spiders ambush their prey.
Katydids mimic the appearance of leaves.
This helps katydids hide from their predators.
The student wants to emphasize a difference in how katydids and crab spiders use mimicry. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Katydids mimic the appearance of flowers, and crab spiders mimic that of leaves.

Katydids and crab spiders are two examples of animals that use mimicry.

Unlike crab spiders, which use mimicry to ambush prey, katydids use mimicry to hide from predators.

Animals that use mimicry have evolved to resemble another animal, plant, or object.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In meteorology, an air mass is a large body of air with generally uniform humidity and temperature.
Air masses are commonly classified by two-letter names.
The first letter indicates the humidity of the air mass, while the second letter indicates the temperature.
cA (continental arctic) means dry and cold, for example.
mT (maritime tropical) means moist and warm.
This classification system is based on the work of a Swedish meteorologist named Tor Bergeron (1891–1977).
The student wants to provide an example of an air mass. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Air masses are large bodies of air with generally uniform humidity and temperature.

The air mass classification system uses two-letter names and is based on the work of Tor Bergeron, a Swedish meteorologist.

Air masses are commonly classified by a two-letter name that indicates humidity and temperature.

One type of air mass is known as a cA, or continental arctic, air mass because it is dry and cold.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
A wok is a cooking pan that originated in China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE).
The wok’s round, wide base helps to cook food evenly.
The wok’s high, angled sides help to contain oil splatters.
Grace Young is a cook and culinary historian.
Her book The Breath of a Wok (2004) traces the history of the wok.
The student wants to describe the wok’s shape. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Grace Young’s 2004 book, The Breath of a Wok, traces the history of the cooking pan.

Able to cook food evenly and contain oil splatters, the wok is the subject of Grace Young’s 2004 book.

A wok is a cooking pan with a round, wide base and high, angled sides.

The design of a wok, a type of cooking pan that originated in China during the Han dynasty, helps the pan cook food evenly and contain oil splatters.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
A small number of US Navy sailors of Filipino descent served during the US Civil War (1861–1865).
Stephen Amos was born in the Philippines around 1830.
He enlisted in the US Navy in November 1863.
Raphael Ignases was born in the Philippines around 1834.
He enlisted in the US Navy in July 1861.
The student wants to emphasize the historical significance of Stephen Amos’s enlistment date. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Both Stephen Amos and Raphael Ignases were US Navy sailors of Filipino descent, but Amos enlisted in the Navy in 1863, two years later than Ignases.

Stephen Amos was a US Navy sailor of Filipino descent, along with Raphael Ignases, who was born in the Philippines around 1834.

Stephen Amos enlisted in the US Navy in 1863, making him one of the few sailors of Filipino descent to serve in the US Civil War (1861–1865).

When Stephen Amos enlisted in the US Navy in November 1863, he joined sailors such as Raphael Ignases, who had been born in the Philippines around 1834.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Traditionally, manufacturers have dyed denim jeans blue by dipping them in a solution containing indigo powder.
Indigo doesn’t dissolve in just water, so manufacturers must mix hazardous chemicals with water to dissolve the powder.
Textile researcher Smriti Rai discovered a process for dyeing blue jeans without chemicals.
Rai added indigo powder to a hydrogel containing nanocellulose and produced a dye that could be spread directly onto the denim.
Nanocellulose is a natural, plant-based substance that separates the molecules of indigo powder.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two approaches to dyeing blue jeans. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Though created using a different process, Rai’s dye contains the same ingredient as the dye produced by blue jean manufacturers.

Nanocellulose is a natural, plant-based substance that separates the molecules of indigo powder, which doesn’t dissolve in water.

The traditional approach to dyeing blue jeans is to dip them in a solution containing hazardous chemicals.

Rai’s approach substitutes a natural, plant-based substance for the hazardous chemicals that manufacturers have traditionally used.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to help ships and other watercraft navigate at night.
Before automation, lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.
Maria Younghans was the lighthouse keeper at Biloxi Light in Mississippi.
She held this position from 1867 to 1918.
Flora McNeil was the lighthouse keeper at Bridgeport Breakwater Light in Connecticut.
She held this position from 1904 to 1920.
The student wants to emphasize the order in which the two lighthouse keepers began their careers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

From 1867 to 1918, the nighttime waters of Mississippi were more navigable thanks to lighthouse keepers Flora McNeil and Maria Younghans.

Before automation, lighthouse keepers like Maria Younghans and Flora McNeil were crucial to ensuring safe navigation for watercraft.

Flora McNeil began her career as a lighthouse keeper years after Maria Younghans did.

Maria Younghans’s career as a lighthouse keeper ended in 1918, whereas Flora McNeil’s ended in 1920.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Some US reformers sought to improve society in the 1800s by building utopias.
A utopia is a community intended to represent a perfect society based on a specific set of principles.
One such community was Brook Farm near Boston, Massachusetts.
It was founded in 1841 by writer George Ripley.
Ripley wrote in a letter that his goal for Brook Farm was “to guarantee the highest mental freedom, by providing all with labor, adapted to their tastes and talents, and securing to them the fruits of their industry.”
The student wants to explain the goal of Brook Farm using a quotation from George Ripley. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

In a letter, writer George Ripley explained his goal to “guarantee the highest mental freedom.”

Utopias, such as Brook Farm, founded by George Ripley in 1841, were based on a specific set of principles intended to create a perfect society.

Founded by George Ripley near Boston, Massachusetts, Brook Farm was part of a trend in the 1800s, when reformers in the United States built utopias.

Established in 1841, Brook Farm was a utopian community created to “guarantee the highest mental freedom, by providing all with labor... [and] the fruits of their industry,” according to founder George Ripley.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Jon Ching is a Los Angeles-based painter.
He uses the term “flauna” to describe the plant-animal hybrids that he depicts in his surreal paintings.
“Flauna” is a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”
His painting Nectar depicts a parrot with leaves for feathers.
His painting Primavera depicts a snow leopard whose fur sprouts flowers.
The student wants to provide an explanation and example of “flauna.” Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The term “flauna,” used by Los Angeles-based painter Jon Ching, is a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”

Jon Ching uses the term “flauna,” a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna,” to describe the subjects of his surreal paintings: plant-animal hybrids such as a parrot with leaves for feathers.

Jon Ching, who created Nectar, refers to the subjects of his paintings as “flauna.”

The subjects of Nectar and Primavera are types of “flauna,” a term that the paintings’ creator, Jon Ching, uses when describing his surreal artworks.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Muslins are woven cotton fabrics with a variety of uses.
Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric produced in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
It has an extremely fine weave and is primarily used to make luxury clothing.
Sheeting muslin is a machine-made fabric produced in factories.
It has a coarse weave and is primarily used to upholster furniture and create backdrops for theater sets.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two muslins. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric with an extremely fine weave, while sheeting muslin is machine made with a coarse weave.

Dhaka muslin and sheeting muslin are two different types of woven cotton fabrics.

Muslins can be used in a variety of ways, from making luxury clothing to upholstering furniture and creating backdrops for theater sets.

Sheeting muslin is machine made, has a coarse weave, and is used for furniture and theater sets.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
J.R.R. Tolkien’s 1937 novel The Hobbit features two maps.
The novel opens with a reproduction of the map that the characters use on their quest.
This map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter.
The novel closes with a map depicting every stop on the characters’ journey.
That map allows readers to reconstruct the story they have just read.
The student wants to contrast the purposes of the two maps in The Hobbit. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The Hobbit’s opening map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter, while the closing map allows them to reconstruct the story they have just read.

The Hobbit, a novel published by J.R.R. Tolkien in 1937, features a reproduction of a map that the characters use on their quest, as well as a map that appears at the end of the novel.

The Hobbit’s two maps, one opening and one closing the novel, each serve a purpose for readers.

In 1937, author J.R.R. Tolkien published The Hobbit, a novel featuring both an opening and a closing map.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Tecozautla is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.
Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services to their residents.
One service they provide is street lighting.
Tecozautla covers an area of roughly 535 km².
Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.
The student wants to emphasize the size of Tecozautla. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The municipality of Tecozautla in Hidalgo, Mexico, covers an area of roughly 535 km².

Providing street lighting is just one example of the public services that municipalities provide.

Tecozautla is one of 84 governmental regions, known as municipalities, across Hidalgo.

Tecozautla—a governmental region in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico—provides many public services to its residents.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The International Center for the Arts of the Americas (ICAA) is directed by Mari Carmen Ramírez.
Ramírez oversaw an initiative to create an online archive of historical documents related to the history of Latin American and Latino visual art.
The ICAA digitized over 10,000 documents, including the writings of Latin American and Latino artists and critics.
The creation of the archive didn’t require historical documents to be removed from their countries of origin.
Scholars now have more access to these documents.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the ICAA’s archive being digital. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Over 10,000 documents related to the history of Latin American and Latino visual art are part of the ICAA archive.

By offering online versions of historical documents, the ICAA’s archive provides more access to these materials without removing them from their countries of origin.

Among the historical documents in the ICAA’s archive are the writings of Latin American and Latino artists and critics.

The ICAA’s director, Mari Carmen Ramírez, oversaw the creation of an online archive of historical documents related to Latin American and Latino visual art.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The engineer Robert Fulton designed the Clermont steamboat in 1807.
He designed it in New York City.
Clermont was the world’s first commercially successful steamboat.
The city of Fulton, Missouri, is named after Robert Fulton.
New York City’s Fulton Street is named after him.
The student wants to indicate how Fulton, Missouri, got its name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Fulton, Missouri, shares its name with Fulton Street in New York City.

Fulton Street is in New York City, where the steamboat Clermont was designed in 1807.

Designed in 1807 in New York City, Clermont was the first commercially successful steamboat.

Fulton, Missouri, is named after Robert Fulton, designer of the first commercially successful steamboat.