Pre-Reading Questions

The brain and spinal cord

The heart and lungs

The cerebellum and cerebrum

The nerves in the arms and legs

The connections (synapses) between neurons strengthen and/or new connections form

Neurons stop sending messages so the brain can rest

The brain grows new bones to support the skill

The brain’s blood turns into muscle tissue

To confuse the reader.

To make the essay longer.

To build authority and provide precise information.

Because the prompt required it.

As a result

In contrast

Meanwhile

For example

It proves the author is guessing instead of using facts

It changes the topic to geography to add new information

It emphasizes that there is still much to discover and leaves the reader thinking about future learning

It repeats the introduction word-for-word to summarize the essay

Doctors in 1796 already had strict research rules.

Cowpox was always fatal, so it replaced smallpox.

Smallpox mostly infected cows instead of humans.

People who caught cowpox were believed to be immune to smallpox.

He proved that smallpox was caused by bacteria.

He refused to share his findings with anyone.

He tested disease exposure on children who could not truly consent.

He used computers to predict immunity.

Human experiments have a long history, and many early practices were viewed as unethical or taboo.

Autopsies were common in ancient Greece and never restricted.

Most medical discoveries happened without studying the human body.

Early experiments were rare and always considered acceptable.

Researchers may continue even if subjects want to stop.

Subjects must be kept unaware of the study’s purpose.

Experiments must be performed only on children.

Voluntary consent is required.

Ethical rules for research developed in response to abuses, but change can take time.

Ethics rules are unnecessary because most researchers agree naturally.

The Code ended all human testing in the United States.

Once an ethics code is written, it is always followed immediately.