HUG Unit 6-7 Assessment

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Which of the following is the RESULT of the shift of industry to developing countries over time? For example - when American factories began to move to places like Mexico after NAFTA made such a move more profitable?

an industrial decline or deindustrialization in the United States and Europe. 

an increase in trade restrictions at the global level. 

a lower standard of living in developing countries. 

an increase in unemployment in developing countries. 

a stronger economy for the United States and Europe. 

How did the British 2nd Agricultural Revolution impact the Industrial Revolution in that country?

Changes in labor laws during the Industrial Revolution provided an opportunity for laborers to move to agricultural jobs. 

The cost of food increased because of the Agricultural Revolution, which caused the people to take labor jobs in factories. 

Automation in the Agricultural Revolution provided a surplus of displaced agricultural workers that were able to provide labor in factories. 

Mechanization in the agricultural revolution occurred more quickly than the industrialization in factories. 

The Industrial Revolution competed with the Agricultural Revolution for technology, money, and laborers. 

Wallerstein's World-System Theory provided what commercial advantage to core countries in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries?

These countries shared technologies with neighboring countries. 

These countries incorporated the culture of other countries into their economies. 

These countries developed equal trading relationships with nearby countries. 

These countries established free trade agreements with other core countries. 

These countries colonized other countries for their resources, and goods for trade and commerce. 

Weber's Least Cost Theory is used to explain the location of manufacturing plants. Which three factors accounted for the placement of these plants in this theory?

labor cost, transportation, and agglomeration

capital investment, transportation, and labor 

labor cost, agglomeration, and climate

supply chains, transportation, and climate

agglomeration, climate, and capital investment

We have touched on the importance of women to society in pretty much every unit. Which statement correctly describes the role of women in the labor force?

the percentage of women active in the labor force has declined over the last 50 years

women earn lower wages for comparable work performed by men across the globe

the economic contribution of women to the labor force has decreased over the past 30 years

attitudes of women in the workplace have become less favorable in the past 20 years

most women today work in agricultural jobs

Which of the following world regions has the lowest HDI because of a lack of educational opportunities for women? Remember that HDI includes SOCIAL factors as well as economic ones.

Which of these factors is most likely to prevent a subsistence economy from advancing to a more industrial economy?

the lack of government oversight 

the absence of a well-recognized currency 

the absence of a market surplus 

the lack of a banking system

a lack of a well-connected transportation in transportation infrastructure 

How did the Industrial Revolution transform Western society?

By eliminating governmental regulations and taxation

It helped to decrease agricultural pest and increased yields

It helped to spur the creation of biotechnology

By increasing the wages of laborers worldwide 

Through mechanization and the creation of new markets

Which of the following fuel sources would be least likely to indicate a movement towards sustainability for the future?

When thinking of world cities like New York, Tokyo, London and Paris - which of the following statements is true?

the top 10 world cities today have a significant impact on the international economy and help to drive globalization - they have power beyond their boundaries. 

the top ten world cities offer a wide variety of services, but these services are restricted to the local population. 

the top ten world cities are decreasing in their financial and cultural significance due to the process of globalization today.  

the world cities with the largest populations have much more power and are the largest drivers of globalization. 

the world cities with smaller populations can be expected to experience the fastest rates of population growth in the next few decades. 

Which of these describes the phenomenon when the largest city of a nation has twice the population size as the next largest city in the country, like London and Birmingham in England ?

In the Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model, which of these would explain WHY a city lacks a central business district?

similar industries are located in an industrial park within the city model. 

many different industries are located in an industrial park in the city. 

different industries are concentrated in one of the suburbs on the outskirts of the city. 

different industries are located throughout the city's center. 

many similar industries are scattered along the periphery of the city. 

Which statement describes HOW the Burgess Concentric Zone City Model allows for urban citizens to move up socially and economically?

they can move away for the residential zone 

they can move away from the working class zone

they can move away from the transitional zone as they move up socially

they can move away from the commuter zone 

they can move away from the central business district 

According to the Hoyt Sector Model - why does a city grow outward from it's center?

because privately-owned vehicles will carry commuters in and out of the city with great efficiency

because lakes and ponds make up a majority of the geography of the city center

because there are not enough bike and foot paths within the city for local residents to use 

because the commercial district in the city center is always relocated away from the center or CBD

because major avenues of transportation can carry commuters and goods to outlying areas 

Which of the following BEST explains why New York City has more specialty stores than do smaller urban areas in the United States. (specialty stores "specialize" or offer goods that many might not be able to afford)

Which improvement can increase the sustainability of large urban areas with sprawling suburbs?

Incentivize individual drivers with free parking areas in the downtown hub

Convert large agricultural areas to housing developments

Eliminate green spaces to provide more areas for parking lots and garages

Decrease funding for public schools

Create a public transit system of buses and rails as part of the infrastructure

Thinking about the Latin American City Model, the African City Model, and the SE Asian City Model - they all share one commonality. What is that common element?

They all form a megalopolis 

They all push the poor into the edges of the cities

They are all organized around a port for easy trade 

They all have a colonial and a traditional CBD / central business district

They are all organized around transportation hubs and rail lines

Which statement explains how the practice of redlining led to the segregation of neighborhoods in the United States in the 1950s?

Civil rights activists promoted that neighborhoods be kept segregated.

Independent surveyors would not designate land for commercial or residential use.

Corporate real estate developers stopped building new homes.

Banks would not lend money to people of color for home purchases.

Historic homes were not allowed to be renovated or redecorated.

In many core countries today - multinational manufacturing companies that do tertiary and quaternary work - will often move their headquarters and factories to other countries in a process called:

New York City and Los Angeles are approximately 3000 miles apart. However, they are connected on an economic and cultural level. Which statement explains this connectedness?

Their economic bases (the goods and services produced there) are identical, leading to frequent trade between the cities.

The cities are the two largest in the United States, leading to similar cultural phenomena between the locations.

Both cities are airport, cultural and economic hubs, which encourages connection and frequent travel between the two locations.

Both cities have large, diverse populations, which negate any distance in the gravity model.

Both cities have similar transportation infrastructure, which increases their interaction.

In Weber's Least Cost Theory - agglomeration occurs because:

a factory or business will always locate near to a bank or source of capital

a factory or business will always locate near to a transportation hub 

a factory or business will always locate near to a source of workers 

a factory or business will tend to locate near similar businesses, or businesses needed for production - to take advantage of labor and transportation. 

horizontal articulation and government intervention

Which of these factors has played the smallest role in the growth of the suburbs in the United States?

After World War II, the GI Bill of Rights - provided soldiers returning from WWII with low interest loans, allowing them to buy homes and encouraging home building.  

More people owned reliable and efficient automobiles after World War II and governments built more roads in the 1950s and 1960s - making commuting easier. 

Government both state and national, encouraged housing developers like William Levitt to buy land on which to build modestly priced homes. 

Subway and rail systems became more  prominent in connecting urban areas with the suburbs in most American cities creating less reliance on cars by the 1970s.  

The Baby Boom after World War II meant that many families needed homes - spurring development. 

A list of the top ten largest cities of the world would have which of the following characteristics?

The majority of the cities are located in North America.

The majority of the cities are located in Europe.

The majority of the cities are located in Africa.

The majority of the cities are located in core countries.

The majority of the cities are located in peripheral countries in Asia.

The eastern seaboard of the United States has a long stretch of urbanized landscape from Washington DC to Boston. This represents what type of urban location?

In London in England, and some other European cities, these have been created as a way to preserve farmland, and keep some land undeveloped - as a part of using smart growth policies. They prevent urban sprawl.

Suzy is a waitress in a small town. Waitressing is a job within the ___ sector.

When studying urban areas, geographers will often use census data - looking for information not only on the size of populations, but on their composition. Census data best represents ___ data.

Qualitative 

Quantitative 

Redlining, blockbusting, and restrictive covenants - are all associated with the urban problem of:

Homelessness 

Housing discrimination and segregation 

Poverty 

Lack of urban services and infrastructure 

Poverty, homelessness and discrimination are problems for both the CORE and the PERIPHERY - but the creation of ____, unplanned housing areas with few (or no) public services like water, electric and sewar is more a PERIPHERY problem.

Which generalization does the image below support?

Some new forms of transportation technology slowed urban growth in peripheral countries  while increasing it in others. 

Each new form of transportation technology slowed urban growth by leading to suburbanization, reurbanization, and exurbanization. 

Some new forms of transportation technology spurred urban growth while other factors slowed it down. 

Each new form of transportation technology spurred urban growth by producing a new system for moving people and goods. 

Each new form of transportation technology spurred urban growth by allowing more people to live and work in the central city. 

Which of the following refers to the minimum number of people required to support a business or service ? This is used both in the Gravity Model and Christaller.

A megacity is defined as a metropolitan area with a population greater than?

Which concept is MOST clearly demonstrated by the population information shown on the chart?

One distinguishing feature of the Harris and Ullman - Multiple Nuclei or Galactic City model is:

The CBD is at the center 

The existence of a ring road 

The development of both a 2nd and 3rd CBD 

The development of suburbs 

The development of a squatter settlement at the edges 

In the Latin American City Model - the SPINE (center - connecting CBD to the Mall)

represents a transportation corridor

is the government and administrative area of the city

is a middle class area with old, traditional homes that are well maintained

is a middle class area with new homes

is an area of wealthy, and upper class homes

Which of the following urban sustainability challenges DO WE NOT see in the Phoenix Metro?

Poor air quality from our car culture and pollution 

The displacement of farmers and wildlife because of urban sprawl. 

The urban canyon effect 

The urban heat island effect 

Which of the following is the RESULT of the shift of industry to developing countries over time?   For example - when American factories began to move to places like Mexico after NAFTA made such a move more profitable?

an industrial decline or deindustrialization in the United States and Europe. 

an increase in trade restrictions at the global level. 

a lower standard of living in developing countries. 

an increase in unemployment in developing countries. 

a stronger economy for the United States and Europe. 

How did the British 2nd Agricultural Revolution impact the Industrial Revolution in that country? 

Changes in labor laws during the Industrial Revolution provided an opportunity for laborers to move to agricultural jobs. 

The cost of food increased because of the Agricultural Revolution, which caused the people to take labor jobs in factories. 

Automation in the Agricultural Revolution provided a surplus of displaced agricultural workers that were able to provide labor in factories. 

Mechanization in the agricultural revolution occurred more quickly than the industrialization in factories. 

The Industrial Revolution competed with the Agricultural Revolution for technology, money, and laborers. 

Wallerstein's World-System Theory provided what commercial advantage to core countries in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries? 

These countries shared technologies with neighboring countries. 

These countries incorporated the culture of other countries into their economies. 

These countries developed equal trading relationships with nearby countries. 

These countries established free trade agreements with other core countries. 

These countries colonized other countries for their resources, and goods for trade and commerce. 

Weber's Least Cost Theory is used to explain the location of manufacturing plants.  Which three factors accounted for the placement of these plants in this theory? 

labor cost, transportation, and agglomeration

capital investment, transportation, and labor 

labor cost, agglomeration, and climate

supply chains, transportation, and climate

agglomeration, climate, and capital investment

We have touched on the importance of women to society in pretty much every unit.  Which statement correctly describes the role of women in the labor force?

the percentage of women active in the labor force has declined over the last 50 years

women earn lower wages for comparable work performed by men across the globe

the economic contribution of women to the labor force has decreased over the past 30 years

attitudes of women in the workplace have become less favorable in the past 20 years

most women today work in agricultural jobs

Which of the following world regions has the lowest HDI because of a lack of educational opportunities for women?  Remember that HDI includes SOCIAL factors as well as economic ones. 

North America 

Sub-Saharan Africa 

Northern Europe 

Western Europe 

Oceania 

Which of these factors is most likely to prevent a subsistence economy from advancing to a more industrial economy? 

the lack of government oversight 

the absence of a well-recognized currency 

the absence of a market surplus 

the lack of a banking system

a lack of a well-connected transportation in transportation infrastructure 

How did the Industrial Revolution transform Western society? 

By eliminating governmental regulations and taxation

It helped to decrease agricultural pest and increased yields

It helped to spur the creation of biotechnology

By increasing the wages of laborers worldwide 

Through mechanization and the creation of new markets

Which of the following fuel sources would be least likely to indicate a movement towards sustainability for the future?

hydroelectric energy 

wind energy 

coal 

solar energy 

geothermal energy 

When thinking of world cities like New York, Tokyo, London and Paris - which of the following statements is true?  

the top 10 world cities today have a significant impact on the international economy and help to drive globalization - they have power beyond their boundaries. 

the top ten world cities offer a wide variety of services, but these services are restricted to the local population. 

the top ten world cities are decreasing in their financial and cultural significance due to the process of globalization today.  

the world cities with the largest populations have much more power and are the largest drivers of globalization. 

the world cities with smaller populations can be expected to experience the fastest rates of population growth in the next few decades. 

Which of these describes the phenomenon when the largest city of a nation has twice the population size as the next largest city in the country, like London and Birmingham in England ?

gravity model 

Christaller's Central Place Theory

rank-size rule 

primate city model 

world city model 

In the Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model, which of these would explain WHY a city lacks a central business district? 

similar industries are located in an industrial park within the city model. 

many different industries are located in an industrial park in the city. 

different industries are concentrated in one of the suburbs on the outskirts of the city. 

different industries are located throughout the city's center. 

many similar industries are scattered along the periphery of the city. 

Which statement describes HOW the Burgess Concentric Zone City Model allows for urban citizens to move up socially and economically? 

they can move away for the residential zone 

they can move away from the working class zone

they can move away from the transitional zone as they move up socially

they can move away from the commuter zone 

they can move away from the central business district 

According to the Hoyt Sector Model - why does a city grow outward from it's center? 

because privately-owned vehicles will carry commuters in and out of the city with great efficiency

because lakes and ponds make up a majority of the geography of the city center

because there are not enough bike and foot paths within the city for local residents to use 

because the commercial district in the city center is always relocated away from the center or CBD

because major avenues of transportation can carry commuters and goods to outlying areas 

Which of the following BEST explains why New York City has more specialty stores than do smaller urban areas in the United States. (specialty stores "specialize" or offer goods that many might not be able to afford) 

The gravity model 

The Central Place theory 

Its status as a primate city 

The rank-size rule 

The Burgess, Concentric Zone Model 

Which improvement can increase the sustainability of large urban areas with sprawling suburbs?

Incentivize individual drivers with free parking areas in the downtown hub

Convert large agricultural areas to housing developments

Eliminate green spaces to provide more areas for parking lots and garages

Decrease funding for public schools

Create a public transit system of buses and rails as part of the infrastructure

Thinking about the Latin American City Model, the African City Model, and the SE Asian City Model - they all share one commonality.  What is that common element? 

They all form a megalopolis 

They all push the poor into the edges of the cities

They are all organized around a port for easy trade 

They all have a colonial and a traditional CBD / central business district

They are all organized around transportation hubs and rail lines

Which statement explains how the practice of redlining led to the segregation of neighborhoods in the United States in the 1950s?

Civil rights activists promoted that neighborhoods be kept segregated.

Independent surveyors would not designate land for commercial or residential use.

Corporate real estate developers stopped building new homes.

Banks would not lend money to people of color for home purchases.

Historic homes were not allowed to be renovated or redecorated.

In many core countries today - multinational manufacturing companies that do tertiary and quaternary work - will often move their headquarters and factories to other countries in a process called: 

offshoring 

NAFTA-ing

economic restructuring 

outsourcing 

free-trade zones 

New York City and Los Angeles are approximately 3000 miles apart. However, they are connected on an economic and cultural level. Which statement explains this connectedness?

Their economic bases (the goods and services produced there) are identical, leading to frequent trade between the cities.

The cities are the two largest in the United States, leading to similar cultural phenomena between the locations.

Both cities are airport, cultural and economic hubs, which encourages connection and frequent travel between the two locations.

Both cities have large, diverse populations, which negate any distance in the gravity model.

Both cities have similar transportation infrastructure, which increases their interaction.

In Weber's Least Cost Theory - agglomeration occurs because: 

a factory or business will always locate near to a bank or source of capital

a factory or business will always locate near to a transportation hub 

a factory or business will always locate near to a source of workers 

a factory or business will tend to locate near similar businesses, or businesses needed for production - to take advantage of labor and transportation. 

horizontal articulation and government intervention

Which of these factors has played the smallest role in the growth of the suburbs in the United States?

After World War II, the GI Bill of Rights - provided soldiers returning from WWII with low interest loans, allowing them to buy homes and encouraging home building.  

More people owned reliable and efficient automobiles after World War II and governments built more roads in the 1950s and 1960s - making commuting easier. 

Government both state and national, encouraged housing developers like William Levitt to buy land on which to build modestly priced homes. 

Subway and rail systems became more  prominent in connecting urban areas with the suburbs in most American cities creating less reliance on cars by the 1970s.  

The Baby Boom after World War II meant that many families needed homes - spurring development. 

A list of the top ten largest cities of the world would have which of the following characteristics?

The majority of the cities are located in North America.

The majority of the cities are located in Europe.

The majority of the cities are located in Africa.

The majority of the cities are located in core countries.

The majority of the cities are located in peripheral countries in Asia.

The eastern seaboard of the United States has a long stretch of urbanized landscape from Washington DC to Boston. This represents what type of urban location?

a megacity

a megalopolis

an agglomeration area

a primate city

an edge city

In London in England, and some other European cities, these have been created as a way to preserve farmland, and keep some land undeveloped - as a part of using smart growth policies.   They prevent urban sprawl. 

greenscapes 

urban infill 

transit oriented developments 

smart-growth policies 

greenbelts 

Suzy is a waitress in a small town.  Waitressing is a job within the ___ sector. 

quinary 

secondary 

primary 

tertiary 

quaternary

When studying urban areas, geographers will often use census data - looking for information not only on the size of populations, but on their composition.  Census data best represents ___ data. 

Qualitative 

Quantitative 

Redlining, blockbusting, and restrictive covenants - are all associated with the urban problem of: 

Homelessness 

Housing discrimination and segregation 

Poverty 

Lack of urban services and infrastructure 

Poverty, homelessness and discrimination are problems for both the CORE and the PERIPHERY - but the creation of ____, unplanned housing areas with few (or no) public services like water, electric and sewar is more a PERIPHERY problem.   

urban canyons 

gentrification 

informal settlements / squatter settlements 

zones of abandonment 

urban blight 

Which generalization does the image below support? 

Some new forms of transportation technology slowed urban growth in peripheral countries  while increasing it in others. 

Each new form of transportation technology slowed urban growth by leading to suburbanization, reurbanization, and exurbanization. 

Some new forms of transportation technology spurred urban growth while other factors slowed it down. 

Each new form of transportation technology spurred urban growth by producing a new system for moving people and goods. 

Each new form of transportation technology spurred urban growth by allowing more people to live and work in the central city. 

Which of the following refers to the minimum number of people required to support a business or service ?   This is used both in the Gravity Model and Christaller. 

threshold 

spatial perspective 

range 

hearth 

travel time

A megacity is defined as a metropolitan area with a population greater than?

1 million

5 million

10 million

25 million 

50 million

Which concept is MOST clearly demonstrated by the population information shown on the chart?

Primate City 

Forward Thrust Capital

Unitary State 

Rank-Size Rule 

Central Place Theory 

One distinguishing feature of the Harris and Ullman - Multiple Nuclei or Galactic City model is: 

The CBD is at the center 

The existence of a ring road 

The development of both a 2nd and 3rd CBD 

The development of suburbs 

The development of a squatter settlement at the edges 

In the Latin American City Model - the SPINE (center - connecting CBD to the Mall) 

represents a transportation corridor

is the government and administrative area of the city

is a middle class area with old, traditional homes that are well maintained

is a middle class area with new homes

is an area of wealthy, and upper class homes

Which of the following urban sustainability challenges DO WE NOT see in the Phoenix Metro? 

Poor air quality from our car culture and pollution 

The displacement of farmers and wildlife because of urban sprawl. 

The urban canyon effect 

The urban heat island effect 

Urban sprawl as suburban cities seem to be growing unchecked

The basic difference between GDP (gross domestic product) and GNP (gross national product) is: 

GDP reflects the income made by the people in a country over a year, and only within their borders, while GNP reflects income made within a country combined with income made in other countries. 

GDP reflects the total of goods and services produced within a nation - while GNP reflects the goods and services produced world wide. 

GDP reflects per capita production of goods and services, how much each person in a county makes or the work they do.  GNP is a broader number that includes all the workers in the country and the goods and services they create. 

GDP reflects the total of goods and services produced by the people of a nation within their borders, and GNP includes goods produced by the people or businesses of that nation inside and outside of the country. 

GNP reflects the total of goods and services produced by the people of a nation within their borders, and GDP includes goods produced by the people or businesses of that nation inside and outside of the country.

Your city has a population of 60,500 people (in 2016), and is strongly integrated with its adjacent counties socially, and economically.  It is best described as: 

a suburban area

a micropolitan statistical area 

a primate city 

a metropolitan area 

a metropolitan statistical area 

BONUS:  The warehouse district of a city has recently been getting a second life as old factories and abandoned buildings have been renovated to be museums of modern art, restaurants, and rental properties. Tensions that arise during this transformation process are most likely rooted in what process?

Creation of a new district can turn the urban area into a primate city.

New urbanism can create hazards for travel into and out of the district.

The relocation of new urbanites into the area can create an edge city.

Commercialization can decrease the property values in the area.

Gentrification can cause original inhabitants to lose their sense of place in the area.

BONUS:  An area with one or mor abandoned factories - which have not been redeveloped is referred to as a/an: 

brownfield 

urban pollution zone 

disamenity zone 

streetcar suburb

zone of abandonment 

BONUS:  This poor little coyote was caught in the city of ____ - he was enjoying the refrigerator in a grocery store.  I guess it was hot outside!

Phoenix 

Chicago 

Detroit 

New York City 

Los Angeles

The map here reflects megacities in 2010, what is the projected change to these megacities by 2100?

The world’s megacities will become more dispersed over time.

Megacities will migrate towards central Europe as trade becomes more established in that area.

Immigration away from urban areas will decrease the number of megacities.

The world’s megacities will be increasingly concentrated in currently developing countries.

The number of megacities will become stable over time.

As new megacities emerge, which strategies will best support sustainable development?  Please mark all that apply!

Decreasing the number of tall buildings being constructed.

Increasing paved areas to promote maximum usage of limited area.

Providing mixed use development and walkable areas with greenspace.

Purchasing large tracts of land on the outskirts of town for outward growth.

Providing carpool lanes on the major highways to promote carpooling, and limit the number of drivers. 