White Plains

Stony Point

North Carolina

Alexander County

the whole item

a small part

the complete unit

a heavy thing

to remember the inventor that created so many wonderful inventions

to demonstrate that high-quality products are still important to the consumer

to express how the railroad is important to today’s society and the world

to determine whether the product was invented by Elijah McCoy

Railroads were seen as a dangerous way to travel.

Railroads were vital to the development of America.

Railroads were a huge source of trouble for engineers.

Railroads were a fun, new way to travel across America.

There is a town called North American West that was built by a railroad company.

Railroad companies resisted building railroads in certain places in the country.

Population growth in the North American West was possible because railroad travel was possible.

The most famous railroad company in the region was called North American West.

learn from more-experienced teachers

create new and important inventions

teach less-experienced learners

design parts for trains and cars

It emphasizes the amount of work McCoy did.

It details how McCoy created a new invention.

It explains why McCoy wanted to work for the railroad.

It describes the problem that McCoy recognized.

It was safer for companies to use.

It took less time to produce.

It cost less money to produce.

It allowed the train to keep moving.

the best-quality item

the family business

the first train engineers

the engine lubrication

“When he returned to North America, he ended up in Michigan, at the home of the Michigan Central Railroad.”

“Although he was trained as an engineer, the best job he could get was as a stoker, the worker who kept the fire burning on steam-powered locomotives.”

“The railroad was pleased with McCoy’s work and encouraged him to improve his invention.”

“He became a teacher, instructing others about the use of his lubricator and about other workings of engines.”

Wikipedia is gradually improving in accuracy and quality of information.

Wikipedia has so many flaws that other sources must be relied upon for useful research.

Allowing students to reference Wikipedia is a sensible research practice.

Allowing anyone to serve as a contributor has made Wikipedia into an effective resource.

The Web site is full of trash.

The Web site contains computer viruses and is unsafe.

Some content on the Web site is fun to read because it reports gossip.

Some content on the Web site is not accurate information.

determined

questioning

educated

praising

Information drawn from multiple resources usually produces a more accurate result.

When multiple resources are used, researchers know who wrote the articles.

Experts on specific subjects usually write more than one article on a topic.

Information that is found in multiple resources is more carefully edited.

created from materials or fabrics

made up as a way to trick people

putting parts together to combine things

using other people’s ideas as one’s own

Administrators can control postings and only present articles that agree with their personal points of view.

Administrators have the ability to edit articles and change what authors have written.

An administrator did not believe in global warming and removed all of the articles that support the theory.

An administrator blocked all articles on global warming because it is a narrow point of view.

editors who participate in writing articles with contributors

editors who interview and proofread information given by contributors

editors who change or remove information given by contributors

editors who assist contributors in verifying their claims

Wikipedia is not an authorized world encyclopedia.

Wikipedia cannot verify the reliability of articles that are written for the site.

Wikipedia does not want students to copy articles for their term papers.

Wikipedia editors are not efficient deletionists.

“ ‘Concrete is maybe one of the oldest man-made materials on earth.’ ”

“Thirty billion tons of concrete are manufactured globally each year.”

“ ‘Cement is basically limestone and clay.’ ”

“This version is stronger, more durable, and greener. They call it green concrete.”

“Let’s face it—concrete is boring. Most of us recognize it instantly, when we see hideous flats and offices from the 1960s and 1970s, that for a brief moment were the cutting edge of architecture.”

“ ‘Concrete is relatively inexpensive. It’s a forgiving material—it can be mixed by ordinary laborers, and used in climates ranging from the South Pole to the tropical mid part of the Earth. It can also get hard under water.’ ”

“This process of combining of water, cement paste, sand, and rock creates an awful lot of CO$_{2}$ gases—which are linked by some scientists to global warming—about five to 10% of the world’s total emissions.”

“Longer-lasting buildings mean fewer workers, but higher buildings and longer bridges made with the new tougher cement paste might mean more jobs.”

“Let’s face it—concrete is boring.”

“When you meet the researchers, their passion for concrete becomes infectious.”

“The way that concrete is mixed is very simple says Professor Ulm.”

“This version is stronger, more durable, and greener.”

traditional

creative

distant

recent

a decrease in the cost of building over time

a reduction of the number of potholes on roads

a negative effect on the financial situation of construction workers

an increase in the life span of building foundations

It encourages the reader to develop a position on the topic of concrete.

It allows the reader to reflect on the possibilities of using the new concrete.

It creates background knowledge on the MIT studies of concrete.

It persuades the reader to accept the author’s position on green concrete.

to highlight the need for a concrete that does not produce as much CO$_2$

to provide a detailed history of the uses of concrete

to invite workers for a new invention currently planned at MIT

to provide information about changes that needed to take place in the construction industry

Environmentally-friendly concrete is being developed by scientists.

Concrete has been around for centuries and is used all around the world.

It is impossible to recreate concrete in a laboratory setting.

Concrete is the hardest substance found on Earth.

Learning to ski is challenging.

Traveling away from home is exciting.

Trying new things is a great way to meet new friends.

Starting at a new school is scary.

The narrator doubts her mother.

The mother does not appreciate her daughter.

The mother and daughter argue often.

The narrator trusts her mother’s judgment.

It shows that Carly was quickly learning to become a good skier.

It shows that Carly had a natural talent for skiing.

It shows that Carly was having a difficult time learning to ski.

It shows that Carly understood everything about skiing.

“I distributed the tubes of lip balm my thoughtful mother had sent to prevent chapping.”

“He repaired my skis and sent me toward a rope that was mysteriously moving up the mountain.”

“A knot reached my hands and dragged me up the hill with the force of a tidal wave.”

“Skis together, aimed directly at the ski-lodge door, I zipped down the hill.”

It explains why Carly is trying to avoid peer pressure.

It lessens the effect of peer pressure on Carly.

It shows the increased amount of peer pressure Carly feels.

It describes the first time Carly experiences peer pressure.

falling slowly

moving exactly

stepping quickly

sliding unexpectedly

“I snapped photos, the proof Mom wanted that I was having fun.”

“Finally I squatted, figuring that the closer I was to the snow, the easier it would be to fall.”

“ ‘Hi, I’m Carly,’ I said. ‘Fracture anything yet?’ ”

“I’d forgotten that I was a social misfit.”

“My mother captures all my attention. And she’s ruled my heart too.”

“Now all of you know, of course, that a dog is bigger than a chick.”

“When he discovers that it is just a leaf he comes back and sits on his rear paws.”

“ ‘He knows to be afraid of those who might eat him.’ ”

He believes his mother is fascinating and loves her very much.

He believes that his mother is a good and hardworking woman.

He knows that he should respect and love his mother.

He knows that his mother loves him very much.

“All our lives we’ve had chickens and roosters and ducks.”

“My fine dog always waits for me next to the door, in the little garden that is all around our house.”

“Now all of you know, of course, that a dog is bigger than a chick.”

“I have tried a lot to get my dog to come sleep on my lap, but he gets bored and impatient; he won’t sit still.”

It indicates change as the rooster becomes obedient and the dog becomes rough.

It indicates change as the rooster becomes protective and the dog becomes indifferent.

It indicates change as the rooster becomes dangerous and the dog becomes feeble.

It indicates change as the rooster becomes forceful and the dog becomes content.

that animals have natural survival instincts

that she still loves the rooster

that life is sometimes difficult

that roosters are naturally aggressive

She continues to enjoy taking care of the chick.

She decides she prefers the dog instead of the chick.

She starts to fear the chick when it becomes a rooster.

She finds another animal to replace the chick.

The dog was always treated better than the rooster.

The dog started out as a pet and remained that way.

The rooster was continually mistreated by the speaker.

The rooster heard the father say he wanted to eat him.

A child wants one animal to become more like another. He hopes his rooster will play like his dog.

A child is jealous of a mother’s love for an animal. He wishes the rooster would go away.

A child notices the differences between two animals. He learns a lesson in how nature works.

A child is worried a former pet will become a food source. He asks his mother to prevent this.

“ ‘Ah! yes. Ah! yes,’ a heavy sigh escaped the Centipede; / ‘And I have other trials, too;—my life is hard indeed!’ ”

“ ‘And, as you may imagine, it will keep me here some time, / But, what is worse, I’ll have to pay him many a hard-earned dime.’ ”

“ ‘The Spider said good-morning, and pursued his way alone, / And as he went he murmured, in a thoughtful undertone:’ ”

“ ‘I’m a happy little Spider, and I’m very glad indeed, / That I was born an octoped and not a centipede!’ ”

“ ‘But I may appear distracted, or assume a vacant stare, / Because to keep my feet in step requires my constant care.’ ”

“ ‘Why, sometimes when I’m very tired, a long, long time it takes / To ascertain with certainty which foot it is that aches.’ ”

“ ‘I think I’ll join a foot-ball team,—as many friends suggest,— / Before I’ve one foot in the grave and gout in all the rest.’ ”

“ ‘But now I’ll say good-morning; for, my friend, I have to stop / To get my boots blacked neatly at this little boot-black’s shop;’ ”

The Centipede knows that football is very dangerous.

The Centipede knows that it cannot play football.

The Centipede wants to try football before it is too old.

The Centipede wants to watch football with friends.

They show that the Spider is not actually the Centipede’s friend.

They reflect the intended sympathetic reaction.

They provide background on how the two became friends.

They imply that the Spider’s life is actually harder.

by having him listen and then leave the conversation

by having him wish he could be a Centipede

by having him listen and then offer good advice

by having him hope to meet another Centipede