Part 6 - Frog Red Blood Cells vs. Human Red Blood Cells
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Use your Cell Structure and Function Note-Taking Sheet (search your Google drive) as well as the extra diagrams shared by Mr. Poe (see the link below) to help you will this activity.
Note: the questions will not tell you if you are correct. After you submit it, I will tell you which ones are correct (please ask me), then go back and correct your errors. Once you score an 80% or higher, you are done.
Extra Diagrams - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1e66xoL8JUrXnrwTlriSTUkLh0jUSrK7iJg5Yz6RVIEY/edit?usp=sharing
Use your Cell Structure and Function Note-Taking Sheet (search your Google drive) as well as the extra diagrams shared by Mr. Poe (see the link below) to help you will this activity.
Note: the questions will not tell you if you are correct. After you submit it, I will tell you which ones are correct (please ask me), then go back and correct your errors. Once you score an 80% or higher, you are done.
Extra Diagrams - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1e66xoL8JUrXnrwTlriSTUkLh0jUSrK7iJg5Yz6RVIEY/edit?usp=sharing
Part 1 - Elodea (Anacharis) Cells
Elodea canadensis is sometimes called American/Canadian Waterweed. The Brazilian plant Egeria densa, (formerly referred to as, Elodea densa) is commonly used as an aquarium plant (although it is now illegal for sale in the state of Indiana as it has become an invasive plant in our lakes and ponds); it is also commonly used for demonstrating plant cellular structures — such as, chloroplasts — and for demonstrating oxygen production from photosynthesis.
Identify structures labeled 1-4 using the questions to the right.
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Part 3: Onion Bulb Epidermal Cells ("skin of the onion")
The onion, also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. It's closest relatives include the garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chive.
Onions contain sulphuric compounds that cause people to produce tears. They are high in antioxidants that may help to fight the symptoms of some diseases and they can help raise the levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in the blood.
To view onion epidermal cells the following images below demonstrate the prep work involved.
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Tomato Pulp Cells
If a ripe tomato is cut open, the pulp can be allowed to drip onto a slide. After a cover slip is placed over the pulp, the tomato cells can be viewed with a microscope.
Identify the labeled structures in the cell below using the blanks to the right.
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Human Epithelial Cells
To view these cells, the slide is prepared in the following way:
Identify the labeled structures in the cell below using the blanks to the right.
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Question 27
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Question 28
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What image/footage did you you find to be the coolest/most interesting? You just need to describe something from the video - easy points here.
Question 29
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What do you think was the grossest (or coolest) organism in this video and why? You just need to describe something from the video - easy points here.
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Part 2: Cork Cells
In 1665, Robert Hooke used the first compound light microscope to view cork tissue. He identified empty box-like structures that he named, "cells," the first time that this term was used for this purpose. He viewed these cells by making an extremely thin slice of bottle cork and placing it under the objective of his microscope.
Cork that is used for bottles come primarily from the bark of the Cork Oak tree (Quercus suber) found in southwest Europe and northwest Africa. Use the image of cork cells at high magnification (100x) and the information above to help you answer the questions within this section.
Secondary Cell Wall in Plants
The secondary cell wall plays a crucial role in the formation of wood in plants. Wood consists mainly of secondary cell walls, which are thicker and more rigid than primary cell walls. These additional layers are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, with lignin being a key component in xylem cell walls, particularly in trees.
Once cell growth ceases, the secondary cell wall is secreted between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall. Although the secondary cell wall is incredibly sturdy, it can no longer undergo expansion. The material found in desks and tabletops consists of countless secondary cell walls. The cells that once inhabited these walls have died and broken down.
Mechanical Support
Secondary cell walls provide most of the plant’s mechanical support, enabling it to withstand gravity and maintain its structure. In contrast, primary walls are thinner and more flexible, allowing for cell expansion during growth. The rigidity and load-bearing capacity of secondary walls make them essential for the development of wood, which is a critical component of trees and other woody plants.
Wood Formation
In trees, the secondary cell walls of xylem tissues combine to form wood. The xylem vessels and fiber cells contain lignin, a complex network of phenolic compounds, which reinforces the cell walls and provides additional strength. This unique combination of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin gives wood its characteristic properties, including stiffness, strength, and resistance to decay.
Comparison to Primary Cell Walls
While primary cell walls are essential for cell growth and expansion, secondary cell walls are specialized for mechanical support and rigidity. In contrast to primary walls, which are thinner and more flexible, secondary walls are thicker and more rigid, allowing them to withstand the stresses and strains imposed by the plant’s environment.
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Question 6
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What cell structure do you observe in the microscopic image? _______
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Question 8
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Which layer of a tree does cork come from? _______
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Identify the labeled structures in the cell below using the blanks to the right.
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a. What structure is seen within frog red blood cells that is not seen in mature human red blood cells? _______
b. What is the outermost part of the frog and human blood cell? _______
What is this structure?
cytoplasm: liquid part of the cell
nucleus: holds the genetic information
Golgi body: packages proteins for transport out of the cell
cell membrane: allows materials to pass into and out of the cell
cell wall: protects and supports the cell
cell membrane: protects and supports the cell
What is this structure?
chloroplasts: produces sugar
nucleus: holds DNA
nucleus: holds RNA
nucleus: controls the cell
nucleolus: makes ribosomes
mitochondria: produces ATP
What is this structure?
chloroplast: performs photosynthesis
endoplasmic reticulum: modifies proteins
nucleus: contains DNA
chlorophyll: a green pigment
chloroplast: makes the plant green
mitochondria: converts sugar into ATP
What is this structure?
nucleolus: makes ribosomes
nucleus: controls the cell
nucleus: contains DNA
nucleolus: makes proteins
chloroplast: carries out photosynthesis
Which organelles are viewable inside of the cork cells?
nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
chloroplast
Golgi body
none
Did Robert Hooke view living cells?
no- living cells cannot be observed under a microscope
yes- they exhibit organelles like a nucleus, as seen in the picture
no- these cells were dead (no organelles other than cell walls were observed)
no- these cells were dead (no organelles other than cell membranes were observed)
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the secondary cell wall and wood?
In some plants… when the cell stops growing, it secretes the secondary cell wall between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall. The secondary cell wall is very strong but can no longer expand. The wood in desks and tabletops is made of billions of secondary cell walls. The cells inside the walls have died and disintegrated.
In some plants… when the cell stops growing, it secretes the primary cell wall between the plasma membrane and the secondary cell wall. The primary cell wall is very strong but can no longer expand. The wood in desks and tabletops is made of billions of secondary cell walls. The cells inside the walls have died and disintegrated.
In some plants… when the cell stops growing, it secretes the secondary cell wall between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall. The secondary cell wall is very strong but can no longer expand. The wood in desks and tabletops is made of billions of secondary cell walls. The cells inside the walls are still alive.
In some plants… when the cell stops growing, it secretes the secondary cell wall between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall. The primary cell wall is very strong but can no longer expand. The wood in desks and tabletops is made of billions of primary cell walls. The cells inside the walls have died and disintegrated.
Item a:
cell membrane
vacuole
mitochondria
cell wall
chloroplast
Golgi body
cytoplasm
vesicle
nucleolus
endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
Item b:
mitochondria
vesicle
Golgi body
chloroplast
cell membrane
vacuole
nucleus
nucleolus
cell wall
endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasm
Item c:
chloroplast
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
vacuole
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
cell wall
Golgi body
vesicle
nucleolus
Item d:
mitochondria
vesicle
vacuole
cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi body
nucleus
nucleolus
cell wall
chloroplast
cell membrane
Item e:
vesicle
cell wall
mitochondria
cell membrane
vacuole
endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
cytoplasm
Golgi body
chloroplast
nucleolus
Does an onion cell contain DNA?
no- it is a dead and stained cell
yes- all organisms do
no- only animal cells have DNA
yes- it is contained in its nucleolus
Notice that the onion root cells lack chloroplasts. Why is this?
Onion bulb cells are root structures and form underground that cannot be reached by sunlight for photosynthesis.
Onion bulb cells are flower structures, which do not perform photosynthesis.
Onion bulb cells are leaf structures so there should be chloroplasts present- the iodine has stained them yellow.
because they are dead cells
Item a:
Golgi body
nucleus
chloroplast
vesicle
vacuole
cell membrane
nucleolus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
cell wall
endoplasmic reticulum
Item b:
cell membrane
vacuole
mitochondria
cell wall
nucleolus
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi body
chloroplast
vesicle
cytoplasm
nucleus
Item c:
cell wall
nucleolus
mitochondria
cell membrane
nucleus
vacuole
cytoplasm
vesicle
chloroplast
Golgi body
endoplasmic reticulum
Are the outermost layer of tomato pulp and onion epidermal cells similar?
Yes. Both tomatoes and onions are plants, so their cells have cell walls that surround their cell membranes. All plant cells have cell walls.
Yes. Both tomatoes and onions are plants, so their cells have cell membranes that surround their cell walls. All plant cells have cell walls.
No. Because they are different species, their cellular organelles will differ.
Yes. Both tomatoes and onions are animals, so their cells have cell membranes that surround their cell walls. All animal cells have cell walls.
Item a:
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleolus
nucleus
cell wall
mitochondria
chloroplast
Golgi body
endoplasmic reticulum
vesicle
vacuole
Item b:
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleolus
nucleus
cell wall
mitochondria
chloroplast
Golgi body
endoplasmic reticulum
vesicle
vacuole
Item c:
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleolus
nucleus
cell wall
mitochondria
chloroplast
Golgi body
endoplasmic reticulum
vesicle
vacuole
Item d:
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleolus
nucleus
cell wall
mitochondria
chloroplast
Golgi body
endoplasmic reticulum
vesicle
vacuole
Do human epithelial cells have a cell wall?
yes- it just wasn't visible in the diagram
yes- it just wasn't labeled
no- animal cells do not have cell walls
Do plants have a cell membrane?
yes- all cells, including plants, have cell membranes