Read Linda Hogan’s poem “Trail of Tears: Our Removal” and answer analysis questions that connect specific lines and images to themes of displacement, identity, culture, language, and power in multicultural literature.
Trail of Tears: Our Removal — Linda Hogan
With lines unseen the land was broken. When surveyors came, we knew what the prophet had said was true, this land with unseen lines would be taken.
So, you who live there now, don't forget to love it, thank it the place that was once our forest, our ponds, our mosses, the swamplands with birds and more lowly creatures.
As for us, we walked into the military strength of hunger and war for that land we still dream. As the ferry crossed the distance, or as the walkers left behind their loved ones, think how we took with us our cats and kittens, the puppies we loved. We were innocent of what we faced, along the trail. We took clothing, dishes, thinking there would be something to start a new life, believing justice lived in the world, and the horses, so many, one by one stolen, taken by the many thieves
So have compassion for that land at least.
Every step we took was one away from the songs, old dances, memories, some of us dark and not speaking English, some of us white, or married to the dark, or children of translators the half-white, all of us watched by America, all of us longing for trees for shade, homing, rooting, even more for food along the hunger way.
You would think those of us born later would fight for justice, for peace, for the new land, its trees being taken. You would think the struggle would be over between the two worlds in this place that is now our knowledge, our new belonging, our being, and we'd never again care for the notion of maps or American wars, or the god of their sky, thinking of those things we were forced to leave behind,
living country, stolen home, the world measured inch by inch, mile by mile, hectares, all measurements, even the trail of our tears.
With all the new fierce light, heat, drought the missing water, you'd think in another red century, the old wisdom might exist if we considered enough that even before the new beliefs we were once whole, but now our bodies and minds remain the measured geography.
In the opening line, the speaker says, “With lines unseen the land was broken.” What is the BEST interpretation of “lines unseen” in this context?
In the stanza beginning “So, you who live there now,” which TWO details best develop the poem’s imagery of the land as a living home?
True or False: The line “We were innocent of what we faced” suggests the walkers did not fully understand what hardships were ahead of them.
The phrase “the military strength of hunger / and war” uses a militarized metaphor. What effect does this metaphor create?
In “think how we took with us our cats and kittens, / the puppies we loved,” which TWO ideas are emphasized by including animals?
The speaker says, “Every step we took was one away from the songs, / old dances, memories.” Explain how these lines show cultural loss beyond physical relocation. Use at least ONE quoted phrase from the poem as textual evidence.
In “children of translators / the half-white, all of us watched by America,” what theme is MOST directly emphasized?
The poem describes “the struggle… between the two worlds in this place.” Which TWO interpretations are best supported by the poem’s context?
True or False: Although the speaker says “You would think the struggle would be over,” the poem ultimately suggests the struggle continues rather than being resolved.
In “the world measured inch by inch, mile by mile, / hectares, all measurements,” what is the speaker critiquing most strongly?
The speaker links land measurement to grief: “hectares, all measurements, even the trail of our tears.” Explain how this line reframes the historical event being described. Use at least ONE quoted phrase from the poem as textual evidence.
In the closing lines, the speaker writes, “but now our bodies and minds remain / the measured geography.” Analyze this metaphor. How does it show the long-term impact of colonization and displacement on identity and lived experience? Use at least ONE quoted phrase from the poem as textual evidence.